Jamie Woods

Setting up an Audio Over IP network for the first time and having problems?

Background

Over the summer, we built our first AOIP-enabled radio studio. Based around an AEQ Forum Lite IP, a powerful digital mixer with 16×16 channels of Dante/AES67, we finally completed the project that had been delayed since the pandemic. Going in blind, we found the set-up and troubleshooting guides stopped short of solving our teething issues. It took us a while to find the optimum settings for the new studio. We learnt these lessons so you hopefully don’t have to.

This article assumes you’re briefed on what AOIP is, and know vaguely how it works.

Planning Your Network

You’d be forgiven for thinking that AOIP would work on a conventional gigabit network. However, not all network cards are equal, and neither are network switches.

For most setups, there is no need to run Dante through a switch (and if you do, it needs to be a managed switch as described here – most datacenter-class switches meet that spec – there’s no need to buy an uber-expensive ‘AV’ switch). Instead, just connect the two devices together directly with a decent CAT6 cable. The Dante Controller software lets you set the IP address of the card, so there’s no need to configure a DHCP server.

Most set-up guides will warn you that you shouldn’t mix conventional network traffic with AOIP, and that some ethernet adapters are not compatible. They may, however, stop short of recommending what network adapter to use on your PC for a virtual soundcard.

We first tried a gigabit Intel Pro 1000 PT adapter (a PCI-E card with two gigabit ports), but we weren’t able to get it to perform properly for AOIP.

In the end, we used the motherboard’s built-in Intel I219-LM adapter for AOIP, and a 4-port HP NC364T for general network-y stuff. We found the HP PCI-e card worked reasonably ok for Dante, but the connection was more jittery (with latency jumping from 1ms to 5ms quite often) which didn’t sit right.

Intel I210-based network cards (such as the Intel I210-T1, which is – at the time of writing – is under £40 on eBay) seem ideal for Dante. It’s worth checking what the model your built-in ethernet adapter uses – if it starts with i21, you can use that for AOIP – and a cheaper PCI-E card for general network access.

Clocks + Sync

In a Dante network, one device will become the clock ‘leader’. This means that all other devices in the network will sync to it, which stops separate channels of audio drifting out of sync (remember, in AOIP land, there are no stereo pairs unlike AES/EBU). If you open the Dante Controller software, you can explore clock status and see which device is the current leader.

The main symptom of a clock problem is intermittent audio. If you’ve set up your AOIP network, and audio either works just in one direction, or cuts out for a few seconds every so often, it’s probably the clock. In our case, audio was flowing into the desk from Myriad Playout, but we couldn’t record/stream what the desk was returning.

If your clock leader is the mixer core (in small setups, it probably is), then it is very likely that the Dante card needs to use the mixer’s internal clock, rather than the built-in one from the Dante card. This is because the digital signal processing core in most modern mixers will have its own clock.

In Dante Controller, make sure the “Enable Sync to External” option is ticked (rebooting the device as necessary). If this option isn’t ticked, the Dante card will run with a different clock to the mixer, causing weird symptoms, such as that of the first screenshot.

(A big shout-out to my colleagues Mark and Lee at Broadcast Radio for helping me troubleshoot this)

Reducing Latency

Everything was set up and on air, but we had a problem: sometimes (every 20 minutes to 2 hours), latency would spike above 10ms, which results in a brief but noticeable interruption to audio. Not good.

The official troubleshooting guide says to ensure that all power-saving modes are turned off on the network card. Looking in the Device Manager in Windows, indeed, they were.

Or, so we thought.

Without several confusingly-described utilities installed from Intel, it turns out the Energy Efficient Ethernet settings can’t be changed in Windows. After installing the Intel PROSet Adapter Configuration software, we had access to a couple of new settings.

In the end, we found the following settings to be optimum (changes from the default settings are bold; settings you might not see – without all the PROSet utilities – are in italics):

A week later and still no late packets.

If you’re looking for a simple command to do this, look no further, there’s a tl;dr below!

If you use Cloudflare to run your website, chances are you use them to handle your website’s DNS records too. Which is great. However, say you want to add SSL support to your website without using the one built into Cloudflare (it doesn’t always work best for us).

This is do-able. LetsEncrypt has been around for a while, and recently it began to support wildcard SSL – essentially a way of saying you own the whole of *.insanityradio.com instead of just insanityradio.com and www.insanityradio.com.

Great! To generate a wildcard certificate, you have to prove that you own your domain, and the only completely fair way to do this is by using DNS records, as these are the glue that make up your website. But there’s a caveat, and what most online tutorials will tell you to do opens up a HUGE security vulnerability. Not kidding.

Before we delve deeper into a solution, let’s have a quick recap so we understand exactly what we’re trying to achieve.

How does LetsEncrypt work?

LetsEncrypt will give you a SSL certificate if you can prove that you have enough access to a fully-qualified-domain-name. Often, proving you control the content on the website is enough. But to get a wildcard certificate and prove you own the whole domain, you need to prove you can control the website’s DNS records.

How does it prove you have enough access to the domain? It uses a mechanism called challenge and response. We can nicely sum it up in 5 simple steps.

1. We ask LetsEncrypt to validate that we own x.insanityradio.com.
2. LetsEncrypt sends us a challenge text for this domain – think of it like a 2-factor authentication token – it changes every time.
3. We put this challenge text up on the website, and tell LetsEncrypt to go and check it.
4. LetsEncrypt tells us that they’ve been able to verify it.
5. We ask LetsEncrypt to generate a SSL certificate for the domain(s) we’ve just validated.

Traditionally, LetsEncrypt would just prove we control the content on the website. If you remember having to upload those google_xaohdksjahdsakjdhas.html files to prove to Google Analytics that you own the site, it’s similar, but just highly automated.

Let’s go a step further. If we want to prove we own [everything].insanityradio.com, for this to work we’d have to scan every possible domain for this code. Because verifying one doesn’t imply we own all of insanityradio.com (think – if we owned myblog.wordpress.com and tried to verify wordpress.com, that wouldn’t make sense). However, as there’s infinite potential for domains, this obviously isn’t possible – we can’t do those 5 steps infinite times.

The best solution? Prove we own insanityradio.com‘s DNS, and hence physically control all of these sites underneath it.

This works exactly the same as above, but instead of shoving a file on the web server, we have to change its DNS records.

Enter Cloudflare – our DNS provider.

Cloudflare DNS

For this to work best, we need to automate changing these records. Unless you want to, every 60 days, do this whole process by hand. The answer seems immediately obvious, and is well documented everywhere:

Just feed your Cloudflare API key and email into the LetsEncrypt automation script, and let it handle everything.

But hang on – there’s a security hole!

Say someone hacks your web server somehow. Traditionally, this is probably not the end of the world.

But hang on, we’ve saved our Cloudflare API key on the server. When the attacker steals this, it’s game over. They have full control over our Cloudflare account, and the worst bit is Cloudflare won’t email us to tell us someone’s using our key.

Use your imagination to guess what an attacker could do with this access. They could:

• Redirect your email traffic and intercept it, reset your passwords, and permanently steal your domain.
• Add malicious code to your website without tampering with the web server
• Disable your Web Application Firewall
• Rack up a huge bill by using billable Cloudflare features

Big yikes.

What do now?

Cloudflare doesn’t let you generate a specific key for this, you have to feed the script your entire account’s.

However, there’s a better solution. It’s not perfect, but it completely mitigates the risk of the above.

Say we have a second domain we don’t care much about – insanityradio.co.uk. Nothing runs on it, but we keep it registered because #brand. If you don’t, you can simply register a new one – the name itself doesn’t matter, it could be anything. We’re going to set up this secondary domain so we can use it to verify we own insanityradio.coms DNS.

What?!? Yup. That’s a thing.

Let’s sign up for a new CloudFlare account (avoid using an email on the secondary domain), and set up our secondary domain with it. As we don’t use this domain for much, it’s less of a concern if an attacker gains access to it. They can’t really do much except generate SSL certificates for our main website – if they do, they don’t have the means to use them.

How does this work?

To validate DNS (step 3), we normally create a _acme-challege.insanityradio.com DNS record. This contains the challenge response from step 2.

Instead of creating a record with text, we can create an alias record (a DNS CNAME) that tells LetsEncrypt to look at another domain for this response.

For instance, to verify `insanityradio.com`, we can set up the following:

insanityradio.com CNAME _acme-challenge.insanityradio.com.insanityradio.co.uk

The domain name doesn’t need to be as huge as it is – in fact, we can set the record to any domain. However, if you’re verifying multiple sites in one go, you can’t reuse the target because DNS is slow. It’s best practice to use something unique per domain, and the best way to do that is just to use the domain itself.

The Take Aways

Some valuable lessons have been learnt.

1. Avoid giving scripts full access to your domain’s DNS.
2. Cloudflare’s API keys are extremely dangerous

tl;dr (aka the code)

1. Sign up for a new Cloudflare account with a secondary domain and find its API keys
2. Add _acme-challenge.insanityradio.com DNS CNAME records pointing to _acme-challenge.insanityradio.com.insanityradio.co.uk (that’s a big boy). If you want to verify a second level domain like *.cor.insanityradio.com, add a DNS record like _acme-challenge.cor.insanityradio.com DNS CNAME records pointing to _acme-challenge.cor.insanityradio.com.insanityradio.co.uk
3. Install acme.sh – $ curl https://get.acme.sh | sh
4. Run the following to generate a certificate:

   export CF_Key="my cf api key"
   export CF_Email="[email protected]"
   acme.sh --issue \
   	-d insanityradio.com  --challenge-alias insanityradio.com.insanityradio.co.uk \
   	-d *.insanityradio.com --challenge-alias insanityradio.com.insanityradio.co.uk \
   	-d *.cor.insanityradio.com --challenge-alias cor.insanityradio.com.insanityradio.co.uk \
   	--dns dns_cf
   

5. Add the following cronjob, to ensure your certificates are auto-renewed close to expiry. Make sure to replace `user` with whatever you want.

   0 0 * * * /home/user/.acme.sh/acme.sh --cron --home /home/user/.acme.sh > /dev/null

If you’re using Ubuntu 14.04, and want to compile a version of the nginx nchan module that works with Redis, this is the guide for you. This is useful if you want to install security updates without recompiling nginx from scratch every time.

1. Install the nginx PPA for your system: sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nginx/stable && sudo apt-get update
2. Install nginx from the PPA: sudo apt-get install build-essential nginx-full libnginx-mod-nchan libpcre3-dev libxml2-dev libxslt-dev libgeoip-dev
3. This’ll install an old version of nchan, but it will install most of the dependencies that we need.
4. Test the new nginx version to make sure it works. As we’ve just installed a different version, we might have caused some compatibility issues compared to the standard one (i.e. what’s in the normal repositories)
5. cd /tmp. Download and unpack the nginx we have installed
   wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-$(nginx -v 2>&1 | cut -d "/" -f 2).zip && unzip nginx*
wget https://github.com/slact/nchan/archive/v1.1.14.tar.gz && tar -xf v1.1.14.tar.gz
6. Change directory to nginx. Run configure with the following:
   ./configure --add-dynamic-module=../nchan-1.1.14 --with-cc-opt='-g -O2 -fPIE -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -Wformat -Werror=format-security -fPIC -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -fPIE -pie -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -fPIC' --prefix=/usr/share/nginx --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock --pid-path=/run/nginx.pid --modules-path=/usr/lib/nginx/modules --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/body --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/fastcgi --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/proxy --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/scgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/uwsgi --with-debug --with-pcre-jit --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_slice_module --with-threads --with-http_addition_module --with-http_geoip_module=dynamic --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic --with-http_sub_module --with-http_xslt_module=dynamic --with-stream=dynamic --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_ssl_preread_module --with-mail=dynamic --with-mail_ssl_module
7. Run make modules
8. Copy objs/ngx_nchan_module.so to /usr/lib/nginx/modules/ngx_nchan_module_new.so.
9. Rename /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/50-mod-nchan.conf to 50-mod-nchan-new.conf, edit it, and change ngx_nchan_module.so to ngx_nchan_module_new.so.
10. Run nginx -t to test that it installed OK.
11. Restart nginx. Done!